Organic Chemistry Nomenclature

Organic Chemistry NomenclatureOrganic chemistry is a growing area of science that studies and deals with the principles, processes, and behavior of matter. Most scientists agree that the matter is made up of particles, molecules, atoms, or compounds that are either immobile (like water) or movable (like gas). It is not clear exactly how such things interact.What is known about the matter is that it is either stable (solid substance) or immobile (liquid substance). In addition, like most other sciences, there are degrees of immobility. For example, it has been found that the particles in a liquid are not in motion but only in a continuous state of concentration. Even though the particles are moving, they are in a constant state of concentration.The atoms in a solid substance can be grouped together as single units to make larger molecules. These can then be moved around by liquids to change their physical properties, such as their density, or to expand and contract. The molecules of a liquid will usually change in size when heated or cooled. Atoms can also change their size, which is why hot water turns into ice as soon as it comes in contact with cold air.The term 'chemistry' comes from the Greek word 'chemos,' which means 'skill.' Chemists study chemicals, their properties, and processes through experiments, analyses, and new discoveries. Because chemistry is based on observation and experience, chemical properties are always changing.The smallest and largest molecules in nature are water, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and various other elements. The properties of these molecules are mostly determined by the forces acting on them as they are constantly in motion. For example, water molecules have a negatively charged electron and are very fragile, while oxygen molecules have a positively charged electron and are resistant to any force that can cause it to move.Molecules are separated into two categories: liquids and solids. Molecules are alwa ys in motion, but in a simple way. There are four kinds of molecules that move, solid, liquid, gas, and gaseous.There are also many uses for organic chemistry. Chemistry has been used in all types of science and engineering, especially in the field of semiconductor materials. The same principles that make chemistry so interesting apply to all fields of study, from physics to engineering. If you're interested in science, you should definitely check out the exciting world of organic chemistry.

Separable and Nonseparable Phrasal Verbs

Separable and Nonseparable Phrasal Verbs One of the most difficult things about the English language are phrasal verbs. Our English students struggle with phrasal verbs even at the advanced level. So, we will be doing a series of videos to help our students tackle the phrasal verb challenge.This first video is very important, it is about separable and nonseparable verbs. Sometimes we can separate a phrasal verb. For example, you can say both: He put a coat on and He put on a coat.Sometimes we CANNOT separate the verb, for example:  He ran into a friend is ok, but not He ran a friend into. Watch the video to learn why and when to separate phrasal verbs.Try these exercises to see if you understand: take off, put on, or run into1. She ________ the coat ________ before she went outside. 2. They ____ __ a new opera, that was very successful. 3. Luke was driving too fast and he ____ ___ a tree. 4. Have you ____ ___ Frank lately? 5. Did you ____ it ___ the table? 7. I need to ______ some time _____ work, while my grandmother is v isiting. 8. Please _____ ____ your shoes before coming in. 9. I _____ the money ____ the table when no one was looking. 10. Our plane _____ ___ three hours late because of a mechanical problem.Rewrite these sentences using the correct phrasal verb. 1. The plane is leaving the ground. 2. I unexpectedly saw my cousin at the football game. 3. You almost hit a light post when you were driving the car too fast. 4. My mother attached her name-tag on her shirt before the meeting. 5. I removed my shirt before I got in the shower. 6. After my shower I dressed in a new shirt.Put the object in parentheses in the correct place: 1. She put on (her coat, the rack) 2. I took off (my shoes) 3. I took off (it) 4. Paul ran into (a tree) 5. Luke ran into (her, at the grocery store) Anna 1. She put the coat on before she went outside. 2. They ran into a new opera, that was very successful. 3. Luke was driving too fast and he ran into a tree. 4. Have you ran into Frank lately? 5. Did you put it on th e table? 7. I need to take some time off work, while my grandmother is visiting. 8. Please take off your shoes before coming in. 9. I took the money off the table when no one was looking. 10. Our plane took of three hours late because of a mechanical problem.Rewrite these sentences using the correct phrasal verb. 1. The plane took off the ground. 2. I unexpectedly ran into my cousin at the football game. 3. You almost ran into a light post when you were driving the car too fast. 4. My mother put her name-tag on her shirt before the meeting. 5. I took my shirt off before I got in the shower. 6. After my shower I put a new shirt on.Put the object in parentheses in the correct place: 1. She put her coat on the rac. 2. I took my shoes off. 3. I took it off. 4. Paul ran into a tree. 5. Luke ran into her at the grocery store. LOIEnglish Anna Good: Question #2; They PUT ON a new opera. (you can use put on as a way to say someone is hosting something. i.g. She put on the charity event f or the woman shelter.Next section:The plane took off. (we dont need the ground in this sentence because it is implied or logical)Great job! Thanks for answering! Silvia Deplano 1. She put the coat on before she went outside. 2. They have taken off a new opera, that was very successful. 3. Luke was driving too fast and he runned into a tree. 4. Have you putted on Frank lately? 5. Did you put it on the table? 7. I need to take some time off work, while my grandmother is visiting. 8. Please take off your shoes before coming in. 9. I putted the money on the table when no one was looking. 10. Our plane took off three hours late because of a mechanical problem. Rewrite these sentences using the correct phrasal verb. 1. The plane is taking off the ground 2. I unexpectedly ran into my cousin at the football game. 3. You almost ran into a light post when you were driving the car too fast. 4. My mother putted on her name-tag on her shirt before the meeting 5. I to ok off my shirt before I got in the shower. 6. After my shower I putted on a new shirtPut the object in parentheses in the correct place: 1. She put her coat on the rack 2. I took off my shoes 3. I took it off 4. Paul ran into a tree 5. Luke ran into her at the grocery store LOIEnglish Silvia, Question #2: They have PUT ON a new opera. We can use put on when we someone is hosting something; For example she is putting on a charity event, to raise money for Typhoon victims.Question #4: Have you RAN INTO Frank lately. We can use run into for when we see someone by chance. I ran into an old high school friend at the concert.Question #9: I PUT the money ON the table.(put doesnt change in the past tense.) You could also say; I took the money off the table when no one was looking.The next section:Question #1: The plane is taking off. (You do not need the ground as it is implied.Question #4: put doesnt change in past simple; My mother PUT her name-tag ON her shirt before the meeting . (There are 2 objects in this sentence: name-tag, her shirt; remember when there are 2 objects you MUST separate the verb.) Question #6: put doesnt change in past simpleGood Silvia! Thanks for answering. Cristina 1- put the coat on 2- run into 3- run into 4- run into 5- take it off 7- take some time off 8- take off 9- put the money on 10- take off1- she put her coat on the rack 2- i took off my shoes/i took my shoes off 3- i took it off 4- paul ran into a tree 5- luke ran her into at grocery store LOIEnglish Cristina,Question #2: put on (this can be used to say someone is hosting an event) Question #3: RAN into (past tense) Question #10: TOOK off (past tense)Next section:Question #5: Luke ran into her at the grocery store. (This doesnt have a Direct Object and in this meaning/definition NEVER takes a Direct Object and therefore is inseparable. Look at the sentence before. .at the grocery store is an adverbial phrase) Sean Hwang 1. She ___put_____ the coat ____on____ before she went outside. 2. They _take___ off__ a new opera, that was very successful. 3. Luke was driving too fast and he _ran into a tree. 4. Have you _run into_ Frank lately? 5. Did you _put_ it _on__ the table? 7. I need to _put_ some time __on___ work, while my grandmother is visiting. 8. Please _take off your shoes before coming in. 9. I _put the money on the table when no one was looking. 10. Our plane _took off_ three hours late because of a mechanical problem.Rewrite these sentences using the correct phrasal verb. 1. The plane is leaving the ground. The plane is taking off the ground. 2. I unexpectedly saw my cousin at the football game. I unexpectedly ran into my cousin at the foot ball game 3. You almost hit a light post when you were driving the car too fast. You almost ran into a light post when you were driving car too fast. 4. My mother attached her name-tag on her shirt before the meeting. My mother put her name-tag on her shirt before the meeting. 5. I removed my shirt befor e I got in the shower. I took off my shirt before I got in the shower. 6. After my shower I dressed in a new shirt. After my shower I put on a new shirt.Put the object in parentheses in the correct place: 1. She put on (her coat, the rack) She put her coat on the rack 2. I took off (my shoes) I took off my shoes 3. I took off (it) I took it off 4. Paul ran into (a tree) Paul ran into a tree 5. Luke ran into (her, at the grocery store)Luke ran her into at the grocery store LOIEnglish Sean, Question #2: put on a new opera-we can use put on to mean host. Question#7: take some time off work.we use take off-to indicate free from something.Good work!

High School Tips Recognize a Legitimate Research Source

High School Tips Recognize a Legitimate Research Source 5 ways to help high school students recognize a legitimate research source Every high school student will write a research paper and research class assignments and projects. One of the biggest problems students face in the digital age is determining which sources are legitimate and which are not. In years past, students could visit the library and speak to a librarian who could point them towards the right types of sources for any given topic, but today students conduct most of their research online. The vast majority of legitimate academic sources are available in the digital world. However, there are also some sources with authors who are writing their opinion as fact. This means that students come across articles and books where the author has no specific credentials and doesnt cite the source of their information. Luckily, there are several ways students can recognize a legitimate research source to use in an assignment Our private Orange County high school tutors are here to help you with your next research paper. 1. Look up the author’s credentials The first thing students can do is look up the author’s credentials to see if they’re qualified to write about a particular subject. For instance, if a student is writing about biology and the author is a professor of biology with a Ph.D. in the subject, then they’re likely qualified to discuss their opinions on the subject. However, that same author may not be qualified to write about other topics such as art history or exercise science. An author can be legitimately qualified in one field but not others. 2. Gather a list of trustworthy sources As students begin to research they’re encouraged to maintain a list of legitimate sources. Established newspapers and news reporters might be able to write on some topics, and some newspapers may hire several qualified staff writers who report the news. Some news sources are more legitimate than others or have been around longer and have a better reputation. As students begin to create their list, theyre encouraged to consult an educator who can help them get started. Once students know which sources are almost always legitimate, itll make their research efforts more efficient. 3. Determine whether or not the author has a strong opinion Its OK for an author to write an argumentative piece where they insert their own opinion into the article. However, they should always be upfront that this is their opinion and not a fact. Additionally, if a student is reading an argumentative piece by one author, they’re encouraged to read text by another author who holds the opposite opinion. When neutrality isnt possible, its best for students to read about both sides of an argument. Determining which pieces are argumentative and which are factual is a skill that students will learn over time from their classes or when working with a supplemental educator. 4. What to do when its unclear if the source is legitimate Many students ask if the sources they have found are appropriate but cant quite figure out how to answer the question without guidance. They might be reading a text by a new author or publisher, or they may be unsure if they can confirm the facts in the article. The best way for students to determine legitimacy is to confirm the facts from a second trustworthy source. If students cannot confirm the fax elsewhere, its possible they’re reading somebodys opinion or a personal blog rather than a reliable news or research source (READ: 5 Tips for Success in English Class From an Orange County English Tutor). 5. What happens when a student cant find any good sources? Many students complain that they just cant find any good sources for a research paper. Some topics are more challenging than others, but there are always sources out there to be found. Students may need to work on improving their research skills, in particular, learning how to conduct internet research. Some highly academic papers require a trip to a brick-and-mortar library to find journals that aren’t found online. Many students simply Google a topic hoping to find valuable information (and in many instances they can), but some subjects will require students to know where to look so they may need to speak to their teacher or tutor for guidance before they get too far in the process. Having trouble with your research paper? Our experienced Orange County English tutors are here to help. Call us today for more information. All blog entries, with the exception of guest bloggers, are written by Tutor Nerds. Are you an education professional? If so, email us at pr@tutornerds.com for guest blogging and collaborations. We want to make this the best free education resource in SoCal, so feel free to suggest what you would like to see us write.

Teaching in Saudi Arabia Life for women

Teaching in Saudi Arabia Life for women Saudi Arabia has a lot to offer its teachers, including very competitive salaries and benefits packages, a very intimate look at rich Arabic culture, and a homebase amidst vast coastlines and the storied Arabian desert. But we understand that female teachers may have questions about what they can expect if they head to teach abroad in Saudi Arabia. Some may even be put off by some of the laws and attitudes toward women, but that doesn’t have to be the case. Read below to learn more about daily life, customs, and accommodations in Saudi Arabia. Customs in Saudi Arabia It’s true that all international teachers living in Saudi Arabia are expected to respect and adhere to local Saudi laws and customs. And though upon first look, Saudi society can seem quite male-dominated, it’s also an extraordinarily safe location for female teachers and a society that promotes and values female camaraderie. Women will no doubt experience some initial challenges and cultural adjustment, including not being allowed to drive or ride a bike, but your school will often provide workaround solutions to help make these adjustments easier. In fact, schools typically arrange to have a driver designated to their teachers for travel to and from their home to the school. as well as any errands they’d like to run. Though some female teachers may feel some initial irritation around being required to wear an abaya (a loose garment that covers the head and body down to the ankles), you won’t be required to wear it while on the compound and some teachers find it helps reduce unwanted attention from strangers anyway. Accommodations for women in Saudi Arabia Female teachers in Saudi Arabia receive many benefits including furnished single-dwelling accommodations. These residences are typically located in compounds designated for international teachers, but these compounds have plenty of entertainment and shopping options on-site, including tennis courts, swimming pools, gyms, grocery stores, and restaurants. Living in a compound might sound oppressive, but it’s actually the complete opposite. Though some compounds will be subject to all Saudi law, many will allow for more freedoms for women and a more relaxed interpretation of customs. Women often don’t require an escort, don’t have to conceal their faces (you can walk around freely in shorts or relax by a pool in a bikini), and it's possible to meet many other teachers to form friendships with. Public spaces in Saudi Arabia Education institutions are either all-male or all-female facilities, so female teachers will only have female students. Some things that westerners find commonplace are prohibited in Saudi Arabia, including alcohol and public cinemas. But shopping is a popular pastime, and there are many modern malls to visit with coworkers and friends. You’ll also find plenty of activities on your compound, often even movie rooms, to keep you busy! As with anything, reading about the lifestyle might be more difficult than living the lifestyle. Very few teachers report problems with adjusting to Saudi customs once they’ve settled in to their accommodations and teaching jobs. And those who really miss western culture can take a quick trip into Bahrain, where laws are much more relaxed and teachers will even find bars and clubs. Interested in seeing what positions we have teaching in Saudi Arabia? Take a look at the Teach Away jobs board!

Female Voters Not So Quick To Back Hillary Clinton A Matter Of White Feminism

Female Voters Not So Quick To Back Hillary Clinton A Matter Of White Feminism Image Via Wikipedia Commons Feminists have declared that these notions are the total opposite of intersectional feminism, but rather “a peak example of the problem with “white feminism:”  demanding allegiance without making a case for why women should be loyal.” Simply put, there is a substantial difference between voting for Clinton because she’s a woman versus voting for Clinton because a voter believes she is qualified for the job. The diminishing of Clinton down to her gender is inherently problematic in its shallow sexism. As of now, young women voters prefer Sanders to Clinton  by as many as 19 points. The lack of female support for Hillary Clinton as compared to a male candidate such as Bernie Sanders reflects that a majority of eligible female voters aren’t buying into the pseudo-feminist idea that women should vote for Clinton because she’s a woman and her election would change political history forever. There also seems to be a misconception that Hillary Clinton will better serve and support the female population in the U.S. because she herself is female, which disregards any of her credentials as well as those of other candidates. Again, many voters believe Bernie Sanders has the most feminist track record of all the candidates. Some female millennial voters who support Bernie Sanders for president have received criticism for their choice, likely stemming from an assumption that they are betraying their fellow women by not voting for Clinton. A statement Gloria Steinem made on “Real Time With Bill Maher” quickly spread throughout mainstream media: When youre young, youre thinking: Where are the boys? The boys are with Bernie.” Upon seeing reactions to the statement, Steinem apologized for her having “misspoke” on the talk show. Millennial voters know now more than ever that their voices make a powerful and noticeable impact when used all at once. Given the chaotic state of our country in many arenas, voters of all genders not just females are alarmed by politicians’ failure to address their pressing concerns. Public university tuition rates, support for low-income communities, reproductive rights issues, immigration and undocumented students’ access to services, police brutality and economic inequality are among many issues that voters need represented in presidential campaign platforms. Clinton has expressed awareness that she must work harder to secure votes from young adults, especially females. She stated, I accept the fact that I have work to do to convey what I stand for, what Ive accomplished, what I want to do for young people in our country.” For centuries, the idea of a female president has been romanticized so much that a portion of U.S. residents may think that this election will automatically and easily solve many other problems regarding inequality. This is similar to the assumption that racial inequality would become a thing of the past when Barack Obama was running for president. Harvard Law student Lorena Aviles, a Harvard Law student quoted in New York Magazine, says “Why should an undocumented, hardworking mother find in Hillary an ally for the trials she faces? How does the election of Hillary ease the horrors black families, and mothers specifically, experience given the context of police brutality against bodies of color?” Aviles’ point highlights the necessity of keeping all minoritized groups in mind during the next election. If a woman president is elected, not all target groups will be able to see their identities and struggles reflected in or addressed by Clinton. While no one president can necessarily accommodate every U.S. citizen in a big way, it is crucial to think critically about why a presidential candidate has your vote. Above all, millennials have the potential to elect or not elect the candidate that will serve them most directly and most effectively. Intentionality is crucial to deciding which candidate has your support. Image Via Pixabay

Find a Place to Meet Other Tutors

Find a Place to Meet Other TutorsIf you're looking for a great place to meet other tutors, then consider joining a tutor group. These are groups of tutors that meet to share ideas and other helpful resources on the subject of tutoring.Tutors usually meet to share information on where they meet up with other tutors and also to find out what other tutors would like to learn about. This is a great way to find new sources of information that might help you.You can join a tutor group in your area through an online tutoring site or you can attend the tutoring session at a tutoring school. If you are interested in finding out more about the tutoring world, you can do so by going to a group meeting where you will learn all about online tutoring, online tutoring schools, online tutoring mentors, tutoring subject matter, etc. The information you will learn will help you understand all the different options available in the tutoring world today.There are some things you need to consider before joining a group. In this day and age, there are now groups that exist solely for the purpose of finding out if there are other tutors in your area. If there are, you might want to look for those who are teaching in other locations.Many tutoring groups have no rules or requirements that you have to meet. You can meet with tutors of any type, either online or at a tutoring school. You may be able to meet someone you are looking for when you join one of these groups.Groups of tutors should have monthly meetings to decide on a topic to cover. After you've covered a few topics you may be able to ask questions to others who are in the group.By joining a tutor group, you will be able to meet and interact with other tutors. You can share ideas and knowledge and even teach each other how to do your own work.

Finding a Private English Tutor For Adults

Finding a Private English Tutor For AdultsThere are several places where you can find a private English tutor for adults. The services of an individual that offers to teach you the English language will be beneficial to you. In this article we will provide some suggestions on how to locate a tutor in your area.Language schools - If you're having difficulty speaking the English language and you would like to learn to read, write and speak, it may be time to enroll yourself in a local school. There are many private tutors available to help those who cannot afford private tuition. These services often have children who are attending a school that is accredited.College campuses - If you're looking for private English tutor for adults, the most likely place to locate a tutor is at a college campus. Many colleges offer language courses in the mornings, after-school programs, or even tutoring services for those who need them. Be sure to check out the colleges before enrolling yourself as th ey will most likely require you to pay to attend.Local schools - If you're willing to travel a bit, chances are that you can locate a tutor through a school. These are often considered by many to be a more convenient method of finding a tutor for adults. It's not as hard to locate one as it might seem. You just need to be sure to check out the reputation of the school you are interested in attending and then search online for a list of schools.Online forums - There are also several private English tutor sites that you can go to in order to find a tutor. There are usually guides that are written for those who need to learn the language and these are a great place to go to find a tutor.The Internet - If you don't have any of the above options available to you, and you do not want to travel, you may be able to find a tutor online. Many businesses and individuals will advertise that they can help you learn English. Many of these services are very reputable and often include payment plan s.So if you need help with your English, this is the best place to turn to. Speak with someone now about how to locate a private tutor for adults and get yourself on the road to learning the language!

Download High Quality Articles to Learn How to Speak English

Download High Quality Articles to Learn How to Speak EnglishIf you're looking for good learning English articles to use, I have some great news. You can now download high quality English learning articles from any source you choose. This article contains downloadable high quality articles on how to learn how to speak English fast. They are short and easy to read so that you can learn in a short period of time.Learning how to speak English is something that you should have in your future. As time goes by, more people will need to speak English. And to be able to communicate effectively with other cultures, it's essential that you know how to speak English. The sooner you begin, the sooner you'll be able to fully enjoy living in a foreign country. If you think that you will just be a foreigner in a foreign land, think again.It's important that you become comfortable with English and that you master the correct pronunciation. It's no use trying to find words that have already been forgo tten. At the same time, it's crucial that you learn the correct spelling. You have to use these things to make a language work properly for you.It's also necessary to develop a lot of conversational skills if you want to be successful at speaking English. Just like any other language, you need to get comfortable talking to native speakers. The best way to get acquainted with native speakers is to visit a country where English is widely spoken. During this time, you will have a lot of opportunities to meet other foreigners who speak English and can help you learn the language as well.Learn English is all about making yourself understand different types of people, especially those who don't speak English. After this, it's important that you develop your personality and learn how to relate to others. If you speak fluently with a large number of people, it will allow you to make better relationships with people of all types. That way, you will easily understand others and to get on bett er terms with them.English is one of the world's most widely spoken languages. In fact, you may be surprised to learn that a person from Africa can also speak English. Learning how to speak English is the only way to become an international citizen. In fact, millions of international students study English every year.You can learn how to speak English at home with your computer. Download high quality English learning articles and begin living in a language-speaking country today. As soon as you complete this process, you'll soon have a real sense of achievement as you start learning to speak English as well.

Biology Revision The Outstanding Discoveries In The Field Of Biology

Biology Revision The Outstanding Discoveries In The Field Of Biology The Biggest Breakthroughs In Biology And Who Came To Find Them ChaptersHow Has Biological Research Enhanced Our Lives?Mid-Late 20th Century Biological DiscoveriesBreakthroughs Emerging From The Last 25 YearsFamous BiologistsWhat Is The Nobel Prize For Physiology Or Medicine?Using The Internet To Enhance Your Biology Revision MahimaBiology Teacher 5.00 (10) £30/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors AndyBiology Teacher 5.00 (2) £15/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors AlishaBiology Teacher 5.00 (10) £9/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors SaifBiology Teacher 5.00 (9) £22/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors FrankBiology Teacher 5.00 (8) £90/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors HeavenliBiology Teacher £9/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors SiobhanBiology Teacher £60/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors MackenzieBiology Teacher 5.00 (2) £15/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutorsHow Has Biological Research Enhanced Our Lives?As a student and enthusiast of Biology, you will already be familiar with the conce pts of the Science. However, are you aware of how much of an impact some biological breakthroughs have had on our world?Biology plays a huge part in agriculture, medicine and even psychology.While many breakthroughs are a result of collective research and are as such the responsibility and fruition of various heads coming together and working hard on a common cause, there are still some individual biologists who deserve recognition for the influential work they have carried out.Here, we will take a look at some of the most respected of scientists within the field of Biology as well as some of the most innovative breakthroughs of this century, and  the last.Mid-Late 20th Century Biological DiscoveriesIVFIVF, or In Vitro Fertilisation goes back to the 1970s century when John Rock first extracted a fertilised egg and it became clear that this technology could be used to develop and later transfer eggs into the uterus.This exciting new technology meant the world for many infertile men a nd women, giving them the opportunity to get pregnant and have the chance at becoming a family. It was in 1979 that the first human baby was born through IVF after which many more birth stories emerged.A common scenario for infertile couples was to have a surrogate, who would be artificially inseminated using a kit containing the intended father's semen. In this case, the baby would have been conceived using the surrogate woman's egg.However, surrogacy opportunities moved on too and women were able to host eggs of the intended mother, or donated eggs, which meant that the carrier of the baby had no genetic link to the baby inside her womb. Though more expensive as an option, this was often the preferred choice for many surrogates as it is a situation they feel more comfortable with.During the early 90s, doctors experimented with freezing and thawing embryos which led to even more success for this scientific procedure.DNAWhile DNA was first discovered in the late 1800s, it was in 192 7 that scientists proposed that it was a ‘giant hereditary molecule’ made up of two strands.Later, around the beginning of the 1940s, a team of biologists (which included Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarthy) identified the first facts displaying DNA’s specific role in hereditary, called the transforming principle, later verified in the 50s by the Hershey-Chase duo.It was during this decade that laboratories came up with the double-helix model of DNA structure that is familiar to us today.Find A level biology distance learning courses online.Scientists discovered the double-helix structure of DNA strands in the second half of the 20th century. Photo credit: M Pinarci via Visualhunt / CC BYWe now know far more about our genes and the role of DNA.For instance, we have discovered that DNA is made of twisted strands of the bases A, T, C and G and that genes are sections of this DNA. Each gene contains the code for creating a particular protein and the sequence of bases within the gene dictates which amino acids are created and joined to produce a new protein molecule.Mass Production Of PenicillinMeanwhile, in the 1940s, Alexander Fleming was the driving force behind the mass production of penicillin, a group of antibiotics which were, and still are, effective against numerous bacterial infections.Though Fleming dates his discovery of the medicine back to the 1920s, his findings were not initially given the attention they deserved and it wasn’t until the 1940s, when a team headed by Howard Florey began to mass-produce the drug for pharmaceutical companies.The three main investors in the discover, Florey, Ernst Boris Chain and Fleming shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine for their work.Check for A level biology courses online. MahimaBiology Teacher 5.00 (10) £30/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors AndyBiology Teacher 5.00 (2) £15/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors AlishaBiology Teacher 5.00 (10) £9/h1st lesson free!Discover al l our tutors SaifBiology Teacher 5.00 (9) £22/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors FrankBiology Teacher 5.00 (8) £90/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors HeavenliBiology Teacher £9/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors SiobhanBiology Teacher £60/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors MackenzieBiology Teacher 5.00 (2) £15/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutorsBreakthroughs Emerging From The Last 25 YearsFurther Infertility TreatmentsWhile much of what we know about us and the world we live in has come from years of discovery and research, the last 25 years have seen us through a range of groundbreaking discoveries, as well as building on existing biological concepts.Infertility treatment, for example, is continuing to advance even to this date. While the late 1900s saw scientists discover how to help couples conceive by implanting embryos, major advancements in recent years mean that even women who have had their ovaries removed can still birth healthy children thanks to ovarian tissue transplants.Thanks to IVF, many infertile couples can now birth healthy babies. Photo credit: Faith @101 via VisualHunt / CC BY-SAFurthermore, while surrogates and  donors were the most efficient way to grow embryos for men and women struggling to conceive naturally, these surrogates and sperm and egg donors are being somewhat phased out now thanks to new technology that enables doctors to enhance women’s ability to produce healthy eggs and likewise men’s ability to contribute effective sperm.Now that the technology is more common in our everyday lives, IVF processes are often far cheaper than they once were, which means that more couples can experience the benefits of this life-changing technology.The Cloning Of Dolly The SheepOne breakthrough which you will no doubt learn about during the course of your studies is the cloning of Dolly the sheep. In 1996, scientists successfully cloned a female sheep for the very first time using adult cells from the m ammary glands in a process called nuclear transfer.The sheep, subsequently named Dolly, grew normally and fully and went down in History. Since then, scientists have been able to clone further species, even attempting to reproduce extinct animals using the scientific technology to try to save endangered or newly extinct species.Genetic ModificationMuch like the above procedure, many more scientific research projects have come under the microscope in regards to their ethics. One extremely controversial topic is the gene-editing research in early human development which has the ability to modify genetics of a human embryo.Gene-editing could bring an end to inherited diseases but many fear that the science could get out of control and could end up with people making choices about their unborn child that they shouldn't need to make, such as determining their gender, the colour of their eyes or hair, and so on.However, while some may be against the interference of scientists with the hum an body, many great things have come from this research and are still yet to come.Two more significant breakthroughs  in Biology are the research into stem cells, which enable doctors to treat blood disorders or cancers,  and the biomedical research which has led to robotic limbs being controlled by the brain using neural signals. The latter is particularly exciting for our war heroes who have lost limbs whilst risking their lives on the front line for our country.Famous BiologistsWithin The Field Of Infertility TreatmentGoing back to the breakthrough and development of IVF, Robert Edwards should not go unnoticed. Edwards was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his contribution towards the development of the biological process.Carl Wood, however, was equally as important and as a result was dubbed ‘the father of IVF’ after having pioneered the freezing and thawing of embryos.Genetic ModificationMore recently, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007 was awarded jointly to Oliver Smithies, Sir Martin J. Evans and Mario R. Capecchi for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications using embryonic stem cells. While their research was carried out on mice, this huge breakthrough marked a big milestone in understanding the role of our genes and their significance.What Is The Nobel Prize For Physiology Or Medicine?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is an award presented each year by the Nobel Foundation to recognise the outstanding discoveries in the field of biological sciences and medicine.Worthy scientists are awarded a Nobel Prize for their discoveries in Science. Photo credit: Trondheim | Gjøvik | Ã…lesund via VisualHunt.com / CC BY-SAUsing The Internet To Enhance Your Biology RevisionIf you are interested in knowing more about some of the individuals who have helped to shape the history of Biology, as well as the discoveries they have made, then you can use the Internet to source such findin gs and use it to enhance your Biology revision.For example, to get an idea of what is being researched right now, take a look at the recent winners of the above Nobel Prize. Some of the findings are unbelievable and really very inspirational, so much so that they could well give you some great ideas to discuss when it comes to your upcoming exams.Websites such as BBC Bitesize and Revision World contain exercises and activities to help you to learn more about the significance of Biology on our natural world as well as teach you about the leading scientists within the field and the essential vocabulary you will need to work in the scientific sector. You could also skip your google search for 'biology tutors near me' and jump straight to Superprof where we have hundreds of biology tutors ready to give one on one assistance.To find out how your Biology revision crosses over with the arts too, see our blog on the artistic links.